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LIST OF CHAPTERS
Chapter 1: Defining Lameness
Chapter 2: Lameness Evaluation
Chapter 3: Prepurchase Examinations
Chapter 4: Physical Therapies
Chapter 5: Medications
Chapter 6: Veterinary Procedures
Chapter 7: Hoof Conformation & Shoeing Options
Chapter 8: Joint Problems
Chapter 9: Bone Problems
Chapter 10: Muscle Problems
Chapter 11: Tendon & Ligament Injuries
Chapter 12: Neurologic Causes of Lameness
Chapter 13: Lameness Caused by Skin Problems
Chapter 14: Developmental Orthopedic Disorders
Chapter 15: The Foot
Chapter 16: The Pastern & Fetlock
Chapter 17: The Cannon & Splint Bones
Chapter 18: The Knee
Chapter 19: The Upper Foreleg
Chapter 20: The Hock
Chapter 21: The Upper Hindleg
Chapter 22: The Back
Appendix
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SECTION I:
INVESTIGATING LAMENESS
CHAPTER 1:
DEFINING LAMENESS . . . .
. . . . . . 3
Elements of Lameness
Pain
Mechanical Restriction of Movement
Gait Abnormalities Often Confused With Lameness
Identifying the Lame Leg
Abnormal Stance
Using Sound
Observations of Motion
Specific Gait Abnormalities
Shoulder Lameness
Non-Musculoskeletal Causes of Lameness
Pleuritis
Fractured Ribs
Painful Ovaries
Mastitis
Scrotal Problems
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CHAPTER 2:
LAMENESS EVALUATION . . .
. . . . . . . 19
History
Record-Keeping
Physical Examination
Examining the Feet
Palpation and Manipulation
Gait Evaluation
Lameness Grading System
Flexion Tests
Diagnostic Tools & Techniques
Regional (Local) Anesthesia
Radiography (x-Rays)
Ultrasonography (Ultrasound)
Nuclear Scintigraphy (Bone Scan)
Arthrocentesis (Joint Tap)
Bacterial Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity
Other Tests
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CHAPTER 3:
PREPURCHASE EXAMINATIONS
. . . . . . . . . . 65
Preliminary Comments
Veterinarian's Role
Farrier's Role
Before the Examination
The Prepurchase Examination
Examination at Rest
Examination While Led or Longed
Examination While Ridden or Driven
Additional Tests
Radiography
Other Imaging Procedures
Blood Tests
The Prepurchase Report
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SECTION II:
PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY
CHAPTER 4:
PHYSICAL THERAPIES . . .
. . . . . . . 83
Rest
Restriction Phase
Regeneration Phase
Rehabilitation Phase
Light Exercise as Therapy
Bandaging & Splinting
Materials
Bandaging Techniques
Monitoring and Changing the Bandage
Splinting Techniques
Specific Physical Therapies
Heat Therapy
Hydrotherapy
Massage
Passive Motion Exercises
Chiropractic Manipulation
Acupuncture
Homeopathy
Therapeutic Ultrasound
Laser Therapy
Magnetic Field Therapy
Electrical Tissue Stimulation
Routine Foot Care
Assessing the Digital Pulses
Environment
Daily Hoof Care
Hoof First-Aid
Hoof Treatments
Disease Control
Managing Infected Wounds
Isolation
Hygiene and Disinfection
Rabies
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CHAPTER 5:
MEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 135
Anti-inflammatory Therapy
The Process of Inflammation
Physical Anti-Inflammatory Therapies
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Combination Therapies
Tetanus Vaccination
Tetanus Toxoid and Antitoxin
Vaccination Schedule
Antibiotics
Choice of Antibiotic
Administration Issues
Potentially Harmful Effects
Joint Medications
Cartilage Damage
Medical Options
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CHAPTER 6:
VETERINARY PROCEDURES . .
. . . . . . . . 171
Joint Lavage
Technique
Surgery
Arthroscopic Surgery
Surgical Repair of Fractures
Casts
Cast Maintenance
Cast Removal
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SECTION III:
DISEASE PROCESSES &
THEIR MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 7:
HOOF CONFORMATION &
SHOEING OPTIONS
. . . 187
Normal Foot Structure
Hoof Wall
Sole, Frog, and Deeper Structures
Influence of Conformation
Assessing Limb Conformation
Altering Limb Conformation
Hoof Balance
Movement
Shoeing for Support
Heel Support
Wall Support
Sole Support
Using the Frog for Support
Shoeing Options
Keg Shoes
Bar Shoes
Other Modifications
Traction Devices
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CHAPTER 8:
JOINT PROBLEMS . . . . .
. . . . . 245
Joint Structure
Cartilage
Joint Fluid
Supporting Structures
Synovitis & DJD
Definitions and Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Septic Arthritis
Definition
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Wounds Around Joints
Luxation (Dislocation)
Management
Lyme Disease
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CHAPTER 9:
BONE PROBLEMS . . . . . .
. . . . 287
Structure & Function
Bone Responses to Stress
Normal Responses
Abnormal Responses
Factors That Influence Bone Quality
Fractures
Definitions
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Rehabilitation After Fracture Repair
Prognosis
Osteomyelitis
Definition
Superficial Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis at a Fracture Site
Osteomyelitis in Young Foals
Other Bone Conditions
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Rickets
Hypertrophic Osteopathy
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CHAPTER 10:
MUSCLE PROBLEMS . . . . .
. . . . . 337
Structure & Function
Muscle Responses
Muscle Spasms
Muscle Atrophy
Muscle Hypertrophy
Myositis and Myopathy
Muscle Injuries
Strains and Tears
Lacerations
Fibrotic Myopathy
Compartment Syndrome
Metabolic Muscle Problems
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis ("Tying up")
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
Heat-Related Myopathy
Hypocalcemia
Miscellaneous Conditions
Intramuscular Injection Reactions
Bacterial Myositis
Strep. equi Myopathy
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HPP)
White Muscle Disease
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CHAPTER 11:
TENDON & LIGAMENT
INJURIES . . . . . . . . . . 395
Structure & Function
Digital Flexor Tendons
Suspensory Ligament
Extensor Tendon
Tendonitis (Bowed Tendon)
Definition
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Tendon Lacerations & Rupture
Flexor Tendons
Extensor Tendon
Tenosynovitis
Definition
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Septic Tenosynovitis
Definition and Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Check Ligament Injuries
Suspensory Ligament Damage
Definition
Causes
Suspensory Branch Desmitis
Suspensory Origin Desmitis
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CHAPTER 12:
NEUROLOGIC CAUSES OF LAMENESS
. . . . . . 439
Structure & Function
Neurons
Responses to Injury or Disease
Assessing the Nervous System
History and Physical Examination
Neurologic Examination
Diagnostic Tests
Brain Spinal Cord Conditions
Trauma
Cervical Vertebral Malformation ("Wobbler" Syndrome)
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
Equine Herpesvirus type 1 Myeloencephalitis
Equine Degenerative Myelopathy (EDM)
Rabies
Other Conditions
Conditions Involving Nerves
Trauma
Stringhalt
Cauda Equina Neuritis
Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND)
Other Conditions
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CHAPTER 13:
LAMENESS CAUSED BY SKIN
PROBLEMS . . . . . 519
Wounds
Wound Healing
Managing Specific Types of Wounds
Dermatitis
Bacterial Dermatitis ("Scratches")
Vesicular Stomatitis
Immune-Related Skin Disorders
Limb Edema
"Stocking Up"
Cellulitis
Vasculitis
Ulcerative Lymphangitis ("Big Leg")
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CHAPTER 14:
DEVELOPMENTAL ORTHOPEDIC
DISORDERS . . . 553
Normal Bone Development
Factors Common to Most DODs
Growth Rate and Body Size
Exercise
Diet
General Management
Prevention
Specific Preventive Measures
Angular Limb Deformities
Definitions
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Flexural Limb Deformities
Structure of the Flexor Unit
Flexor Laxity
Flexor Contracture
Physitis
Definition
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis and Prevention
Osteochondrosis
Definition
Causes
Manifestations
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Osteochondroma
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SECTION IV:
TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
CHAPTER 15:
THE FOOT . . . . . . . .
. . 609
Navicular Syndrome
Definition
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Navicular Bone Fractures
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Laminitis
Definition
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Chronic Laminitis
Pedal Osteitis
Pedal Bone Fractures
Wing Fractures in Foals
Extensor Process Fractures
Managing Other Pedal Bone Fractures
Prognosis
Coffin Joint Arthritis (DJD)
Puncture Wounds
First Aid Management
Veterinary Treatment
Prognosis
Sole Bruises
Typical Sole Bruises
Corns
Foot Abscesses
Subsolar Abscesses
Hoof Wall Abscesses ("Gravel")
White Line Disease ("Seedy Toe")
Causes
Treatment
Keratoma
Quarter Cracks
Management
Lacerations
Avulsions
Coronary Band Lacerations
Hoof Wall Avulsions
Other Conditions
Thrush
Canker
Sheared Heels
Sidebone
Quittor
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CHAPTER 16:
THE PASTERN &
FETLOCK . . . . . . . . . . 693
Ringbone
Definition
Causes
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Pastern Fractures
Sagittal Fractures
Comminuted Fractures
Avulsion Fractures
Chip Fractures
Definition and Causes
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Palmar Process Fractures
Definition and Cause
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
Fetlock DJD
Osselets
Flattening of the Bottom of the Cannon Bone
Sesamoiditis
Definition
Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Sesamoid Fractures
Definitions and Causes
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Distal Sesamoidean Ligament Damage
Definition and Causes
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Annular Ligament Constriction
Definition and Causes
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
"Breakdown" Injuries
Conditions Resulting in "Breakdown"
First-Aid Care
Suspensory Ligament Degeneration
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CHAPTER 17:
THE CANNON &
SPLINT BONES
. . . . . . . . . . 793
Bucked Shins
Definition
Cause
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Prognosis
Incomplete ("Stress") Fractures
Dorsal Stress Fractures
Palmar Stress Fractures
Vertical (Condylar) Fractures
Definition and Causes
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Complete Cannon Bone Fractures
Management Problems
Splints
Definitions
Causes
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Splint Bone Fractures
Definition and Causes
Signs and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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CHAPTER 18:
THE KNEE . . . . . . . .
. . 763
Structure & Function
Bones
Joints
Supporting Structures
Joint Mobility
Swelling at the Front of the Knee
Problems Outside the Joint Capsule Problems
Within the Joints
Swelling at the Back of the Knee
Carpal Canal Syndrome
Accessory Carpal Bone Fractures
Other Conditions
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CHAPTER 19:
THE UPPER FORELEG
. . . . . . . . . . 799
Radius
Radial Fractures
Elbow
Fractures
Degenerative Joint Disease
Capped Elbow
Humerus
Humeral Fractures
Radial Nerve Paralysis
Bicipital Bursitis
Shoulder
Osteochondrosis (Including OCD)
Degenerative Joint Disease
Shoulder Blade (Scapular) Fractures
Sweeney
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CHAPTER 20:
THE HOCK . . . . . . . .
. . 833
Conditions of the Hock Joints
Bog Spavin
Osteochondrosis (Including OCD)
Bone Spavin
Dislocation of the Hock
Tarsal Bone Fractures
Slab Fractures
Maleolus Fractures
Calcaneus Fractures
Conditions at the Back of the Hock
Capped Hock
Achilles Tendon Injuries
Thoroughpin
Curb
Other Conditions
Extensor Tenosynovitis
Cunean Bursitis
Stringhalt
Wounds at the Front of the Hock
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CHAPTER 21:
THE UPPER HINDLEG
. . . . . . . . . . 865
Tibia
Tibial Fractures
Peroneus Tertius Rupture
Fibula
Stifle
Structure and Function
Gonitis
Osteochondrosis (Including OCD)
Patella Problems
Cruciate Ligament Injuries
Meniscus Injuries
Calcinosis Circumscripta
Femur
Femoral Fractures
Dislocation of the Hip
Trochanteric Bursitis
Pelvis
Pelvic Fractures
Miscellaneous Conditions
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (Tying Up)
Fibrotic Myopathy
Aorto-iliac Thrombosis
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CHAPTER 22:
THE BACK . . . . . . . .
. . 913
Structure & Function
Vertebrae
Intervertebral Joints
Muscles and Mobility
Spinal Nerves and Reflexes
Neck & Back Pain
Identifying the Problem
Treatment Options
Specific Conditions
Neck Pain
Pain Over the Withers
Midback Pain
Pain Over the Loins and Rump
Flip-Over Injuries
Injury to the Tail Base
Injury to the Rump or Withers
Injury to the Poll
Whiplash Injury
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APPENDIX . . . . . . .
. . . 953
Parts of the Horse
Skeleton of the Horse
Directional Terms
Conversion Tables
Alternate Anatomic Terms
List of Abbreviations
Degrees of Lameness
Understanding the Prognosis
Bibliography
Figure Credits
Glossary
Index
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